These applications can result in real-time operational control adjustments, reports, alarms and events, calculated data source for the master database server archival, or support of real-time analysis work being performed from the engineering workstation or other interface computers. For this, we recommend several assessments to gain a complete overview of current efforts: Ransomware is an increasing threat to many DOD contractors. 11 Robert J. At MAD, Building network detection and response capabilities into MAD Securitys managed security service offering. This graphic describes the four pillars of the U.S. National Cyber Strategy. See, for example, Eric Heginbotham et al., The U.S.-China Military Scorecard: Forces, Geography, and the Evolving Balance of Power, 19962017, le A. Flournoy, How to Prevent a War in Asia,, June 18, 2020; Christopher Layne, Coming Storms: The Return of Great-Power War,, Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community, (Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, February 13, 2018), available at, National Security Strategy of the United States of America, (Washington, DC: The White House, December 2017), 27, available at <, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf, Daniel R. Coats, Annual Threat Assessment Opening Statement, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, January 29, 2019, available at <, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/2019-01-29-ATA-Opening-Statement_Final.pdf. Fort Lesley J. McNair These tasks are typically performed on advanced applications servers pulling data from various sources on the control system network. An attacker wishing control simply establishes a connection with the data acquisition equipment and issues the appropriate commands. This is, of course, an important question and one that has been tackled by a number of researchers. Contact us today to set up your cyber protection. The Public Inspection page may also include documents scheduled for later issues, at the request of the issuing agency. Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: All of the above DoD personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should: Report directly to your CI or Security Office Under DoDD 5240.06 Reportable Foreign Intelligence Contacts, Activities, Indicators and Behaviors; which of the following is not reportable? However, there is no clear and consistent strategy to secure DODs supply chain and acquisitions process, an absence of a centralized entity responsible for implementation and compliance, and insufficient oversight to drive decisive action on these issues. Simply put, ensuring your systems are compliant, and setting up control in place are often the best efforts a company can make to protect its systems from cyberattacks. Though the company initially tried to apply new protections to its data and infrastructure internally, its resources proved insufficient. Credibility lies at the crux of successful deterrence. Cyber vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include All of the above Foreign Intelligence Entity . Information gathered and activities conducted to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt, or protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations or persons or their agents or international terrorist organizations. MAD Security aims to assist DOD contractors in enhancing their cybersecurity efforts and avoiding popular vulnerabilities. For additional definitions of deterrence, see Glenn H. Snyder, Deterrence and Defense (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961); Robert Jervis, Deterrence Theory Revisited, World Politics 31, no. The department is expanding its Vulnerability Disclosure Program to include all publicly accessible DOD information systems. Much of the focus within academic and practitioner communities in the area of cyber deterrence has been on within-domain deterrence, and even studies of cross-domain deterrence have been largely concerned with the employment of noncyber instruments of power to deter cyberattacks. Rules added to the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) looking for those files are effective in spotting attackers. 1636, available at . The Pentagon's concerns are not limited to DoD systems. Indeed, Congress chartered the U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission in the 2019 National Defense Authorization Act to develop a consensus on a strategic approach to defending the United States in cyberspace against cyberattacks of significant consequences.3 There is also a general acknowledgment of the link between U.S. cyber strategy below and above the threshold of armed conflict in cyberspace. 115232August 13, 2018, 132 Stat. They generally accept any properly formatted command. Nikto also contains a database with more than 6400 different types of threats. Examples of removable media include: 31 Jacquelyn G. Schneider, Deterrence in and Through Cyberspace, in Cross-Domain Deterrence: Strategy in an Era of Complexity, ed. Ibid., 25. The operator will see a "voodoo mouse" clicking around on the screen unless the attacker blanks the screen. This led to a backlash, particularly among small- to medium-sized subcontractors, about their ability to comply, which resulted in an interim clarification.56, Moreover, ownership of this procurement issue remains decentralized, with different offices both within and without DOD playing important roles. Recognizing the interdependence among cyber, conventional, and nuclear domains, U.S. policymakers must prioritize efforts to reduce the cyber vulnerabilities of conventional and nuclear capabilities and ensure they are resilient to adversary action in cyberspace. The most common means of vendor support used to be through a dial-up modem and PCAnywhere (see Figure 8). The use of software has expanded into all aspects of . However, selected components in the department do not know the extent to which users of its systems have completed this required training. Misconfigurations are the single largest threat to both cloud and app security. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018); An Interview with Paul M. Nakasone, 4. Work remains to be done. A person who is knowledgeable in process equipment, networks, operating systems and software applications can use these and other electronic means to gain access to the CS. Many IT professionals say they noticed an increase in this type of attacks frequency. Upholding cyberspace behavioral norms during peacetime. Using this simple methodology, a high-level calculation of cyber risk in an IT infrastructure can be developed: Cyber risk = Threat x Vulnerability x Information Value. Some key works include Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better, Adelphi Papers 171 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1981); Lawrence D. Freedman and Jeffrey Michaels, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy (London: Macmillan, 1989); Robert Powell, Nuclear Deterrence Theory: The Search for Credibility (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Richard K. Betts, Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Balance (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1987); Bernard Brodie, Strategy in the Missile Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015); Schelling, Arms and Influence. An official website of the United States government Here's how you know. Sharing information with other federal agencies, our own agencies, and foreign partners and allies who have advanced cyber capabilities. All of the above 4. 114-92, 20152016, available at . . A skilled attacker can gain access to the database on the business LAN and use specially crafted SQL statements to take over the database server on the control system LAN (see Figure 11). For some illustrative examples, see Robert Jervis, Some Thoughts on Deterrence in the Cyber Era,, 15, no. One study found that 73% of companies have at least 1 critical security misconfiguration that could potentially expose them to an attack. 39 Robert Koch and Mario Golling, Weapons Systems and Cyber SecurityA Challenging Union, in 2016 8th International Conference on Cyber Conflict, ed. Estimates claim 4 companies fall prey to malware attempts every minute, with 58% of all malware being trojan accounts. While the Pentagon report has yet to be released, a scathing report on Defense Department weapons systems [2] published early this October by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) [] Until recently, DODs main acquisitions requirements policy did not systematically address cybersecurity concerns. 1 (February 1997), 6890; Robert Jervis, Signaling and Perception: Drawing Inferences and Projecting Images, in. The types of data include data from the following sources: the data acquisition server, operator control interactions, alarms and events, and calculated and generated from other sources. Common practice in most industries has a firewall separating the business LAN from the control system LAN. Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 104. This access can be directed from within an organization by trusted users or from remote locations by unknown persons using the Internet. large versionFigure 16: Man-in-the-middle attacks. A Senate report accompanying the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 included a provision for GAO to review DOD's implementation of cybersecurity for weapon systems in development. Cyber vulnerabilities in the private sector pose a serious threat to national security, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said., There is a need for support during upgrades or when a system is malfunctioning. Looking for crowdsourcing opportunities such as hack-a-thons and bug bounties to identify and fix our own vulnerabilities. Rather, most modern weapons systems comprise a complex set of systemssystems of systems that entail operat[ing] multiple platforms and systems in a collaborate manner to perform military missions.48 An example is the Aegis weapon system, which contains a variety of integrated subsystems, including detection, command and control, targeting, and kinetic capabilities.49 Therefore, vulnerability assessments that focus on individual platforms are unable to identify potential vulnerabilities that may arise when these capabilities interact or work together as part of a broader, networked platform. 3 (January 2020), 4883. FY16-17 funding available for evaluations (cyber vulnerability assessments and . Managing Clandestine Military Capabilities in Peacetime Competition, International Security 44, no. 3 (2017), 454455. The operator or dispatcher monitors and controls the system through the Human-Machine Interface (HMI) subsystem. Special vulnerabilities of AI systems. This not only helps keep hackers out, it isolates the control system network from outages, worms, and other afflictions that occur on the business LAN. The Department of Energy also plays a critical role in the nuclear security aspects of this procurement challenge.57 Absent a clearly defined leadership strategy over these issues, and one that clarifies roles and responsibilities across this vast set of stakeholders, a systemic and comprehensive effort to secure DODs supply chain is unlikely to occur.58. . As DOD begins to use and incorporate emerging technology, such as artificial intelligence, into its weapons platforms and systems, cybersecurity will also need to be incorporated into the early stages of the acquisitions process. Many breaches can be attributed to human error. It is an open-source tool that cybersecurity experts use to scan web vulnerabilities and manage them. Nikolaos Pissanidis, Henry Roigas, and Matthijs Veenendaal (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2016), 194, available at . Moreover, the process of identifying interdependent vulnerabilities should go beyond assessing technical vulnerabilities to take a risk management approach to drive prioritization given the scope and scale of networked systems. In addition to congressional action through the NDAA, DOD could take a number of steps to reinforce legislative efforts to improve the cybersecurity of key weapons systems and functions. Part of this is about conducting campaigns to address IP theft from the DIB. All three are securable if the proper firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and application level privileges are in place. CISA and its partners, through the Joint Cyber Defense Collaborative, are responding to active, widespread exploitation of a critical remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability ( CVE-2021-44228) in Apache's Log4j software library, versions 2.0-beta9 to 2.14.1, known as "Log4Shell." The Cyber Services Line of Business (LOB), also known as SEL7 DISA Cyber Services LOB, oversees the development and maintenance of all information technology assets that receive, process, store, display, or transmit Department of Defense (DoD) information. Heres how: This means preventing harmful cyber activities before they happen by: Strengthen alliances and attract new partnerships. A backup control center is used in more critical applications to provide a secondary control system if there is a catastrophic loss of the main system. The vulnerability is due to a lack of proper input validation of . 17 This articles discussion of credibility focuses on how cyber operations could undermine the credibility of conventional and nuclear deterrence, rather than the challenge of how to establish credible deterrence using cyber capabilities. By far the most common architecture is the two-firewall architecture (see Figure 3). 19 For one take on the Great Power competition terminology, see Zack Cooper, Bad Idea: Great Power Competition Terminology (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 1, 2020), available at . Some reports estimate that one in every 99 emails is indeed a phishing attack. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines a vulnerability as a "weakness in an information system, system security procedures, internal controls, or implementation that could be exploited or triggered by a threat source." Learn more about the differences between threats, risks, and vulnerabilities. See the Cyberspace Solarium Commissions recent report, available at <, Cong., Pub. Chinese Malicious Cyber Activity. None of the above large versionFigure 13: Sending commands directly to the data acquisition equipment. DOD and the Department of Energy have been concerned about vulnerabilities within the acquisitions process for emerging technologies for over a decade.51 Insecure hardware or software at any point in the supply chain could compromise the integrity of the ultimate product being delivered and provide a means for adversaries to gain access for malicious purposes. . Directly helping all networks, including those outside the DOD, when a malicious incident arises. Misconfigurations. Hall, eds., The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), for a more extensive list of success criteria. Defense Acquisition Regulations System, Attn: Ms. Kimberly Ziegler, OUSD(A&S)DPC(DARS), 3060 . Creating competitions and other processes to identify top-tier cyber specialists who can help with the DODs toughest challenges. Much of the information contained in the Advisories, Alerts, and MARs listed below is the result of analytic efforts between CISA, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to provide technical details on the tools and infrastructure used by Chinese state-sponsored cyber actors. To understand the vulnerabilities associated with control systems (CS), you must first know all of the possible communications paths into and out of the CS. Cyber threats to these systems could distort or undermine their intended uses, creating risks that these capabilities may not be reliably employable at critical junctures. a. Common Confusion between Patch and Vulnerability Management in CMMC Compliance, MAD Security Partners with OpenText Response to improve response time to cyber threats and shrink the attack surface, Analyzing regulations compliance of the current system. Brantly, The Cyber Deterrence Problem; Borghard and Lonergan. Poor or nonexistent cybersecurity practices in legacy weapons systems may jeopardize the new systems they connect to, and the broader system itself, because adversaries can exploit vulnerabilities in legacy systems (the weakest link in the chain) to gain access to multiple systems.50 Without a systematic process to map dependencies across complex networked systems, anticipating the cascading implications of adversary intrusion into any given component of a system is a challenge. Moreover, the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology in modern weapons systems presents an additional set of vulnerability considerations.39 Indeed, a 2019 DOD Inspector General report found that DOD purchases and uses COTS technologies with known cybersecurity vulnerabilities and that, because of this, adversaries could exploit known cybersecurity vulnerabilities that exist in COTS items.40. 1 Summary: Department of Defense Cyber Strategy 2018 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense [DOD], 2018), available at ; Achieve and Maintain Cyberspace Superiority: Command Vision for U.S. Cyber Command (Washington, DC: U.S. Cyber Command, 2018), available at ; An Interview with Paul M. Nakasone, Joint Force Quarterly 92 (1st Quarter 2019), 67. The controller unit communicates to a CS data acquisition server using various communications protocols (structured formats for data packaging for transmission). While cyberspace affords opportunities for a diversity of threat actors to operate in the domain, including nonstate actors and regional state powers, in addition to Great Powers, the challenges of developing and implementing sophisticated cyber campaigns that target critical defense infrastructure typically remain in the realm of more capable nation-state actors and their proxies. What we know from past experience is that information about U.S. weapons is sought after. Increasing its promotion of science, technology, engineering and math classes in grade schools to help grow cyber talent. Telematics should therefore be considered a high-risk domain for systemic vulnerabilities. Ransomware attacks can have devastating consequences. As illustrated in Figure 1, there are many ways to communicate with a CS network and components using a variety of computing and communications equipment. 16 The literature on nuclear deterrence theory is extensive. Given the extraordinarily high consequence of a successful adversary cyber-enabled information operation against nuclear command and control decisionmaking processes, DOD should consider developing a comprehensive training and educational requirement for relevant personnel to identify and report potential activity. large versionFigure 7: Dial-up access to the RTUs. Cybersecurity threats arent just possible because of hackers savviness. Scholars and practitioners in the area of cyber strategy and conflict focus on two key strategic imperatives for the United States: first, to maintain and strengthen the current deterrence of cyberattacks of significant consequence; and second, to reverse the tide of malicious behavior that may not rise to a level of armed attack but nevertheless has cumulative strategic implications as part of adversary campaigns. While hackers come up with new ways to threaten systems every day, some classic ones stick around. Below we review the seven most common types of cyber vulnerabilities and how organizations can neutralize them: 1. Specifically, DOD could develop a campaign plan for a threat-hunting capability that takes a risk-based approach to analyzing threat intelligence and assessing likely U.S. and allied targets of adversary interest. Users are shown instructions for how to pay a fee to get the decryption key. This could take place in positive or negative formsin other words, perpetrating information as a means to induce operations to erroneously make a decision to employ a capability or to refrain from carrying out a lawful order. 32 Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay, Thermonuclear Cyberwar, Journal of Cybersecurity 3, no. . Most of these events are not reported to the public, and the threats and incidents to ICS are not as well-known as enterprise cyber threats and incidents. The cyber vulnerabilities that exist across conventional and nuclear weapons platforms pose meaningful risks to deterrence.35 It is likely that these risks will only grow as the United States continues to pursue defense modernization programs that rely on vulnerable digital infrastructure.36 These vulnerabilities present across four categories, each of which poses unique concerns: technical vulnerabilities in weapons programs already under development as well as fielded systems, technical vulnerabilities at the systemic level across networked platforms (system-of-systems vulnerabilities), supply chain vulnerabilities and the acquisitions process, and nontechnical vulnerabilities stemming from information operations. 38 Valerie Insinna, Inside Americas Dysfunctional Trillion-Dollar Fighter-Jet Program, The New York Times Magazine, August 21, 2019, available at . , ed. 3 John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, Pub. Borghard and Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion; Brandon Valeriano, Benjamin Jensen, and Ryan C. Maness, Cyber Strategy: The Evolving Character of Power and Coercion. Nikolaos Pissanidis, Henry Roigas, and Matthijs Veenendaal (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2016), 194, available at <, https://www.ccdcoe.org/uploads/2018/10/Art-12-Weapons-Systems-and-Cyber-Security-A-Challenging-Union.pdf, Weapon Systems Cybersecurity: DOD Just Beginning to Grapple with Scale of Vulnerabilities, , GAO-19-128 (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2018), available at <, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-19-128.pdf, Lubold and Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege.. Most control systems utilize specialized applications for performing operational and business related data processing. Optimizing the mix of service members, civilians and contractors who can best support the mission. The Cyberspace Solarium Commissions March 2020 report details a number of policy recommendations to address this challenge.59 We now unpack a number of specific measures put forth by the Cyberspace Solarium Commission that Congress, acting in its oversight role, along with the executive branch could take to address some of the most pressing concerns regarding the cyber vulnerabilities of conventional and nuclear weapons systems. Most control systems come with a vendor support agreement. They make threat outcomes possible and potentially even more dangerous. The increasingly computerized and networked nature of the U.S. military's weapons contributes to their vulnerability. The DOD is making strides in this by: Retaining the current cyber workforce is key, as is finding talented new people to recruit. Upgrading critical infrastructure networks and systems (meaning transportation channels, communication lines, etc.) The consequences are significant, particularly in the nuclear command and control realm, because not employing a capability could undermine positive and negative control over nuclear weapons and inevitably the stability of nuclear deterrence. Ransomware is a form of cyber-extortion in which users are unable to access their data until a ransom is paid. 10 Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004), 26. An attacker will attempt to gain access to internal vendor resources or field laptops and piggyback on the connection into the control system LAN. Remote locations by unknown persons using the Internet to gain access to the acquisition., with 58 % of companies have at least 1 critical security misconfiguration that could potentially expose to! This is about conducting campaigns to address IP theft from the DIB Lindsay ( Oxford Oxford! This graphic describes the four pillars of the U.S. National cyber Strategy to!: 1 with a vendor support used to be through a dial-up modem and (... Page may also include documents scheduled for later issues, at the request of the United States government 's... Systems have completed this required training some Thoughts on Deterrence in the cyber,! Tried to apply new protections to its data and infrastructure internally, resources. Dod information systems, technology, engineering and math classes in grade schools to help grow cyber talent McNair tasks... The U.S. National cyber Strategy theory is extensive information about U.S. weapons is sought after be considered a high-risk for. The vulnerability is due to a CS data acquisition equipment on Deterrence in the department is expanding its vulnerability Program. Have advanced cyber capabilities architecture is the two-firewall architecture ( see Figure 8 ) Solarium Commissions report! 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