Inmate Classification - Policies Classification The Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction maintains a uniform and objective classification level system that places incarcerated individuals in the appropriate facility to ensure the safety and security of other incarcerated individuals and staff, the institution, and the community. After the Liberation War, knyaz Alexander Battenberg invited architects from Austria-Hungary to shape the new capital's architectural appearance.[117]. Serdika was the favorite city of Constantine the Great (reign 306-337), who said: Serdika is my Rome. In roughly 175, massive fortified walls, with four watchtowers were built to protect the city, and a second outer fortified wall was added during the 5th-6th centuries. [36], The name Sofia comes from the Saint Sofia Church,[37] as opposed to the prevailing Slavic origin of Bulgarian cities and towns. Theatre is by far the most popular form of performing art, and theatrical venues are among the most visited, second only to cinemas. ", Jen Fitz. In 809, Serdica was incorporated into the Bulgarian Empire by Khan Krum and became known as Sredets. Vitosha is in the south; the Balkan Mountains define the valley's northern fringes. Some of the neighbourhoods constructed after 2000 are densely built up and lack green spaces. There are a total of 29 km of ski runs on Vitosha, and the longest is 5 km. It is the only city in Bulgaria to host three electoral constituencies: the 23rd, 24th and 25th Multi-member Constituencies, which together field 42 mandates in the 240-member National Assembly. Masterpieces of Bulgarian painting are on display at The National Art Gallery, located in what was formerly the Bulgarian Royal Palace. The Edict of Toleration by Galerius was issued in 311 in Serdica by the Roman emperor Galerius, officially ending the Diocletianic persecution of Christianity. After World War II and the establishment of a Communist government in Bulgaria in 1944, the architectural style was substantially altered. The city is located at a strategic crossroads. [140] According to a survey, almost a third of Sofia's residents say that they never feel safe in the Bulgarian capital, while 20% always feel safe. This guide presents six key elements that, in combination, will help jails reduce a wide array of negative, destructive, and dangerous inmate behavior (p. v). Sofia's development as a significant settlement owes much to its central position in the Balkans. These elements are: assessing risk and needs; assigning inmates to housing; meeting inmates basic needs; defining and conveying expectations for inmate behavior; supervising inmates; and keeping inmates productively occupied. The origin is in the Greek word sophia () "wisdom". Sofia is the 13th largest city in the European Union. The Ottomans came to favour the name Sofya (). The route from Western Europe to Istanbul passes through Sofia via Beograd and Skopje, then through Plovdiv to Turkey. The National Palace of Culture, the citys football stadiums, and the citys large halls are venues for concerts and performances by famous individuals and groups. With their vital, humanistic realism they are a Renaissance phenomenon at its culmination phase in the context of the common-European art.[152]. Sofia is located in the western part of the country, on The Sofia Plain and the lower slopes of Mount Vitosha. : +359 2 49 49 315 E-mail:largo@info-sofia.bg, Info Point Chitalnyata (The reading room), Tel. As part of the 3-Tier prison system, Level 3 is considered General Population, but is designed for individuals who are more likely to, or have previously engage(d), in disruptive prison behavior. During the decline of the Roman Empire, the city was raided by Huns, Visigoths, Avars and Slavs. The National Institute of Corrections helps agencies develop or modify their . The Sofia Zoological Garden in the southern part of the city is the countrys largest zoo. We also sponsor a peer-training network for large jail administrators, including meetings and an online discussion forum. In 1867 was inaugurated the first chitalishte in Sofia a Bulgarian cultural institution. [43][44] Fog is not unusual, especially in the beginning of the season. The Central Railway Station is the primary hub for domestic and international rail transport, carried out by Bulgarian State Railways (BDZ), the national rail company headquartered in the city. Privilege levels will be greater than Level 3 and individuals may be eligible for Reintegration Units. The Polytechnical Museum has more than 1,000 technological items on display. The people with juridical status divorced or widowed are either part of the factual singles or those having another type of partnership, each of the two constitutes by around 10% of the population aged over 20. [47] The coldest recorded year was 1893 with an average January temperature of 10.4C (13F) and an annual temperature of 8.2C (46.8F). There are some ten[154] tennis court complexes within the city including the one founded by former WTA top-five athlete Magdalena Maleeva.[155]. It is the policy of the ODRC to maintain a classification level system that creates a process for the classification of individuals according to their security risk. [146] Over the past two decades, numerous independent cinemas have closed and most shows are in shopping centre multiplexes. There are two ski centers on Mount Vitosha to accommodate visitors to this very popular sports destination. [182] Manufacturing companies include Woodward, Inc., producing airframe and industrial turbomachinery systems,[183] Festo, producing microsensors,[184] Visteon, development and engineering of instrument clusters, LCD displays and domain controllers,[185] Melexis, producing micro-electronic semiconductor solutions in the automotive sector,[186] Sopharma, producing pharmaceuticals, the largest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities outside Germany etc.[187]. These key elements include assessing inmates risks and needs (classification), assigning inmates to housing, meeting inmates basic needs, setting and conveying behavioral expectations, supervising inmates, and keeping inmates productively occupied. Sredets became a major administrative, economic, cultural and literary hub until its conquest by the Ottomans in 1382. A large number of sports clubs are based in the city. The Iskar flows north toward the Balkan Mountains, passing between the eastern city suburbs, next to the main building and below the runways of Sofia Airport, and flows out of the Sofia Valley at the town of Novi Iskar, where the scenic Iskar Gorge begins.[42]. Limes. The population of Sofia expanded rapidly due to migration from rural regions. According to modern records, 39,551 dwellings were constructed until 1949, 119,943 between 1950 and 1969, 287,191 between 1970 and 1989, 57,916 in the 90s and 102,623 between 2000 and 2011. Only over 1% of the juridically married do not de facto live within marriage. There are two golf courses within an hours drive of the city, in the city of Ihtiman and the village of Ravno Polye, both offering excellent facilities to play and practice this sport that is becoming more and more popular in Bulgaria. Serdica Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Serdica. [95][97], The city eventually fell to the Byzantine Empire in 1018, following the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria. Akademai Klado, 1966. In the rotundas immediate proximity, in the underpass leading to the Serdika metro station, is The Saint. According to the census, 1,056,738 citizens (87.9%) are recorded as ethnic Bulgarians, 17,550 (1.5%) as Romani, 6,149 (0.5%) as Turks, 9,569 (0.8%) belonged to other ethnic groups, 6,993 (0.6%) do not self-identify and 105,762 (8.8%) remained with undeclared affiliation. The city center contains many remains of ancient Serdica that have been excavated and are on public display, including Complex Ancient Serdica, eastern gate, western gate, city walls, thermal baths, 4th c. church of St. George Rotunda, amphitheatre of Serdica, the tombs and basilicas under the basilica of St. Sophia. The city is a preferred destination for international congresses, and there are a great many halls and centers offering possibilities for every need. Near Sofia, in the Vitosha, Lozen, and Stara Planina (Central Balkan) Mountains, over the centuries so many monasteries have been founded that they came to be known as Sofias Holy Mountains. The lowest recorded temperature is 31.2C (24F) (16 January 1893). Private automobile ownership has grown rapidly in the 1990s; more than 1,000,000 cars were registered in Sofia after 2002. Founded thousands of years ago, today the city continues to develop as the countrys cultural and economic center. ber die Segetike (wohl irrtmlich fr Serdike, Land der Serden, wie es aus Dio Cass. In the 3rd century, it became the capital of Dacia Aureliana,[88] and when Emperor Diocletian divided the province of Dacia Aureliana into Dacia Ripensis (at the banks of the Danube) and Dacia Mediterranea, Serdica became the capital of the latter. [84][85][86] The ancient city is located between TZUM, Sheraton Hotel and the Presidency. Regular performances began in 1909. In the 15th and 16th century, Sofia was expanded by Ottoman building activity. Multinationals with major research, development, innovation and engineering centers in Sofia include the second largest global IT center of Coca-Cola,[175] Ubisoft,[176] Hewlett-Packard,[177] VMware,[178] Robert Bosch GmbH,[179] Financial Times,[180] Experian, etc. Objective jail classification (OJC) is a process of assessing every jail inmate's custody and program needs and is considered one of the most important management tools available to jail administrators and criminal justice system planners. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and has many mineral springs, such as the Sofia Central Mineral Baths. The Vitosha Nature Park (the oldest national park in the Balkans)[118] includes most of Vitosha mountain and covers an area of 266 square kilometres (103sqmi),[119] with roughly half of it lying within the municipality of Sofia. It grew into an important fortress and administrative centre under Krum's successor Khan Omurtag, who made it a centre of Sredets province (Sredetski komitat, ). Sofia City Province has an area of 1344km2,[40] while the surrounding and much bigger Sofia Province is 7,059km2. [117] Later, many foreign-educated Bulgarian architects also contributed. Vitosha Boulevard, also called Vitoshka, is a pedestrian zone with numerous cafs, restaurants, fashion boutiques, and luxury goods stores. [189], Sofia Airport handled 7,107,096 passengers in 2019. The median age is 38 though. While the 1818 and 1858 earthquakes were intense and destructive, the 2012 Pernik earthquake occurred west of Sofia with a moment magnitude of 5.6 and a much lower Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong). US and UK Air forces conducted bombings over Sofia, Museum of Contemporary Art Sofia Arsenal, Globalization and World Cities Research Network, Vladislav the Grammarian 73rd Secondary School, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria, " | ", "Archaeologist Discovers 8,000-Year-Old Nephrite 'Frog-like' Swastika in Slatina Neolithic Settlement in Bulgaria's Capital Sofia Archaeology in Bulgaria", "CITIES AND THEIR URBANISED AREAS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA", "Nsi National Register of Populated Places ", "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab", "Triangle of Religious Tolerance (1903) iCulturalDiplomacy", "10 Things We Can all Learn from Bulgaria's Square of Religious Tolerance", "Sofia is one of the top 10 places for start-up businesses in the world, Bulgarian National TV", "Is Europe's most affordable capital worth the trip? [139] Corruption in Bulgaria also affects Sofia's authorities. [74] However, a report by the European Court of Auditors issued in September 2018 revealed that Sofia has not drafted any projects to reduce air pollution from heating. This web site uses cookies. Sofia is relatively close to the capitals of most Balkan countries: Ankara is 1,012 km; Athens is 837 km; Beograd is 374 km; Bucharest is 395 km; Zagreb is 762 km; Ljubljana is 897 km; Sarajevo is 549 km; Skopje is 239 km; Tirana is 553 km. The Bulgarian Volleyball Federation is the world's second-oldest, and it was an exhibition tournament organised by the BVF in Sofia that convinced the International Olympic Committee to include volleyball as an olympic sport in 1957. Sofia is the second highest capital of the European Union (after Madrid) and the third highest capital of Europe (after Andorra la Vella and Madrid). The National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria is a combined opera and ballet collective established in 1891. The city receives an average precipitation of 625.7mm (24.63in) a year, reaching its peak in late spring and early summer when thunderstorms are common. One of Sofias favorite spots for both visitors and residents is Vitosha Boulevard. The National Museum of Ethnography is also located here, and the Museum of Natural History is a very short distance away, with exhibits of plants and animals that are very valuable, and even some that can no longer be seen in the wild. [80], The Celtic tribe Serdi gave their name to the city. An effective system of inmate classification will reduce escapes and escape attempts, suicides and suicide attempts, and inmate assaults. A double perimeter, razor ribbon reinforced, alarmed and patrolled fence is required for this level of security. [107] There was an important uprising against Ottoman rule in Sofia, Samokov and Western Bulgaria in 1737. [132], Under Bulgaria's centralised political system, Sofia concentrates much of the political and financial resources of the country. Lines 5 and 13 are shorter and provide connections to Kulata and Bankya, respectively. The city expanded and became a significant political and economical centre, more so as it became one of the first Roman cities where Christianity was recognised as an official religion (under Galerius). These include Tsarigradsko shose, Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria, Slivnitsa and Todor Aleksandrov boulevards, as well as the city's ring road. The city has the 4th-highest number of automobiles per capita in the European Union at 546.4 vehicles per 1,000 people. The venue was inaugurated on 30 July 2011, and the first event it hosted was a friendly volleyball match between Bulgaria and Serbia. The Edict implicitly granted Christianity the status of "religio licita", a worship recognised and accepted by the Roman Empire. Sofia has a humid continental climate (Kppen climate classification Dfb; Cfb if with 3C isotherm) with an average annual temperature of 10.9C (51.6F). The Museum of Socialist Art includes many sculptures and posters that educate visitors about the lifestyle in communist Bulgaria. In the coldest days temperatures can drop below 15C (5F), most notably in January. Adjacent to this church is the Theological Seminary, which houses The National Historical and Archeological Museum. It is one of ODRCs central principles to treat people differently based on their conduct while incarcerated. In summer, the city generally remains slightly cooler than other parts of Bulgaria, due to its higher altitude. During the Russo-Turkish War of 187778, Suleiman Pasha threatened to burn the city in defence, but the foreign diplomats Leandre Legay, Vito Positano, Rabbi Gabriel Almosnino and Josef Valdhart refused to leave the city thus saving it. Other points of interest in the city include the Lion Bridge, the Eagle Bridge, the Russian Monument, and the monument to Vasil Levski (a Bulgarian revolutionary hero who gave his life in the struggle to free Bulgaria from the Ottomans in the 19th century). , , 1910 , . Factors considered include, but are not limited to: Individuals will be placed at the lowest level of security possible that is still sufficient to ensure the safety and security of persons, the institution, and the community. [108] Sofia was relieved (see Battle of Sofia) from Ottoman rule by Russian forces under Gen. Iosif Gurko on 4 January 1878. ERH - A security level for individuals who commit or lead others to commit violent, disruptive, predatory, riotous actions, or who otherwise pose a serious threat to the security of the institution as set forth in the established ERH criteria. (AP) The hunt is on for an inmate who walked away from a low-level corrections cente Calls for prison reform in Mississippi after inmate murders and escapes Tuesday, January 7, 2020 Over the last 10 days, five inmates were killed in different Mississippi state prisons. Thus, Sofia became the first capital on the world to be overflown by enemy aircraft.[114]. Serdica was a significant city on the Roman road Via Militaris, connecting Singidunum and Byzantium. [190], Public transport is well-developed with bus (2,380km (1,479mi)),[191] tram (308km (191mi))[192] and trolleybus (193km (120mi))[193] lines running in all areas of the city. : +359 2 4918344 Tel. Besides the city proper, the 24 districts of Sofia Municipality encompass three other towns and 34 villages. [28] The metropolitan region of Sofia is inhabited by a population of 1.66million. One of them was Samuil, who was eventually crowned Emperor of Bulgaria in 997. In 2015 seven new stations were opened and the underground extended to Sofia Airport on its Northern branch and to Business Park Sofia on its Southern branch. From 1018-1094, Sredets was under Byzantine rule, but remained an important strategic, economic, and cultural center. It was proposed as a capital by Marin Drinov and was accepted as such on 3 April 1879. Very close to Saint Sofia is The Memorial Church Saint Alexander Nevsky, now one of the citys most recognizable symbols. On average, Sofia receives a total snowfall of 96cm (37.8in) and 57 days with snow cover. [173] However, after the political changes in 1989, this kind of citizenship was removed. Inmate Behavior Management: The Key to a Safe and Secure Jail Issues in Jail Operations, 2003: Perspectives from State Jail Inspection Agencies Jails Division Objective Jail Classification Systems: A Guide for Jail Administrators Resource Guide for Jail Administrators Women in Jail: Classification Issues It is a favorite place for a days outing for young and old alike. By the 19th century the Bulgarian population had two schools and seven churches, contributing to the Bulgarian National Revival. Shopi speak the Western Bulgarian dialects. Sofia Airport provides travelers with convenient connections to all major European cities, and from the central train station and bus station, passengers can reach every destination in the country. For Constantine the Great it was 'Sardica mea Roma est' (Serdica is my Rome). While walking in the area, visitors will also see the Banya Bashi Mosque, built in the 16th century. They can be considered as a single complex, and played an important role in preserving the Bulgarian spiritual heritage during the centuries of Ottoman occupation. Sofia is Bulgaria's capital and its largest city. [158] Nearly all of these were constructed as competition venues and therefore have seating facilities for several hundred people. It was the citys major church during the Middle Ages, and under the Ottomans, it was used as a mosque. The SS. [110][111] Following the war, the great majority of the Muslim population left Sofia.[101]. [163] It is the economic hub of Bulgaria and home to most major Bulgarian and international companies operating in the country, as well as the Bulgarian National Bank and the Bulgarian Stock Exchange. Sofia has an extensive district heating system that draws on four combined heat and power (CHP) plants and boiler stations. Sofia is Bulgarias capital and its largest city. Ivanova, Svetlana, "ofya", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Being Bulgaria's primate city, Sofia is home of many of the major local universities, cultural institutions and commercial companies. [142] With 1,600 prisoners, the incarceration rate is above 0.1%;[143] however, roughly 70% of all prisoners are part of the Romani minority.[144]. [72] In response to hazardous spikes in air pollution, the Municipal Council implemented a variety of measures in January 2018, like more frequent washing of streets. There were 3,162 theatric performances with 570,568 people attending in 2014. Some of the biggest telecommunications companies, TV and radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and web portals are based in Sofia, including the Bulgarian National Television, bTV and Nova TV. ", "Where are world's deadliest major cities? DEFINITION(S) AND ACRONYM(S) Sofia offers many places for its children to play. The authors examine issues related to classification of female jail inmates by profiling the female inmate population and discussing problems associated with using a single classification system for both male and female inmates or a gender-neutral system. "Als sie die Dentheleten angriffen, kam Crassus diesen zur. There is hardly another city in all of Europe that has so many noteworthy Christian, Islamic, and Jewish monuments so close together. In the 500s BC, the area became part of a Thracian state union, the Odrysian kingdom from another Thracian tribe the Odrysses. [208], Higher education includes four of the five highest-ranking national universities Sofia University (SU), the Technical University of Sofia, New Bulgarian University and the Medical University of Sofia. Sofia (/sofi, sf-, sofi/ SOH-fee-, SOF-;[14][15] Bulgarian: , romanized:Sofiya,[16][17] IPA:[sfij] (listen)) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. [174] The IT sector is highly diverse and includes both multinational corporations, local companies and start-ups. NY: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1998. The largest group of the population aged over 20 are recorded to live within marriage (46.3%), another 43.8% are recorded as single and another 9.9% as having other type of coexistence/partnership, whereas not married in total are a majority and among people aged up to 40 and over 70. The Slavic name Sredets (), which is related to "middle" (, "sreda") and to the city's earliest name, first appeared on paper in an 11th-century text. Demographic Information. When the Romanian Army entered Vrazhdebna in 1913, then a village 11 kilometres (7 miles) from Sofia, now a suburb,[113] this prompted the Tsardom of Bulgaria to capitulate. The city was called Atralisa by the Arab traveller Idrisi and Strelisa, Stralitsa or Stralitsion by the Crusaders. On his way to Constantinople, Basil II was ambushed and soundly defeated by the Bulgarians in the battle of the Gates of Trajan. A monitoring station on Eagles' Bridge, where some of the highest particulate matter values were measured, was moved away from the location and has measured sharply lower values since then. [164] In 2015, Sofia was ranked 30th out of 300 global cities in terms of combined growth in employment and real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the highest one amongst cities in Southeast Europe. The museum has one of the largest collections anywhere, with over 700,000 items of cultural importance. Accurately classifying incarcerated individuals and placing them in institutions consistent with their security classification is a means of protecting the public, ensuring staff and incarcerated individual safety, and achieving the ODRC's rehabilitative goals. It occupies an area of 3,170 square metres (34,122 square feet) and can hold 10,000 people. The city has an extensive green belt. However, the city is also subject to heat waves with high temperatures reaching or exceeding 35C (95F) on the hottest days, particularly in July and August. Iztok Zapad, 2005. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGeographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria1980 (. Amongst others, the population consisted of Muslims, Bulgarian and Greek speaking Orthodox Christians, Armenians, Georgians, Catholic Ragusans, Jews (Romaniote, Ashkenazi and Sephardi), and Romani people. [69][70] As a result, air pollution levels in Sofia are some of the highest in Europe. Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. 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Sofia is a regional IT hub, ranking second among the Top 10 fastest growing tech centers in Europe in terms of annual growth of active members. In 1944 Sofia and the rest of Bulgaria was occupied by the Soviet Red Army and within days of the Soviet invasion Bulgaria declared war on Nazi Germany. When Emperor Diocletian divided the province of Dacia into Dacia Ripensis (on the banks of the Danube) and Dacia Mediterranea, Serdica became the capital of the latter. It is thought that the church was built in the 6th century, during the reign of Constantine the Great. [196] As of 2012[update], the system has 39km (24mi) of track. A number of shallow rivers cross the city, including the Boyanska, Vladayska and Perlovska. It became the capital of the beylerbeylik of Rumelia (Rumelia Eyalet), the province that administered the Ottoman lands in Europe (the Balkans), one of the two together with the beylerbeylik of Anatolia. 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( wohl irrtmlich fr Serdike, Land der Serden, wie es aus Cass! By Khan Krum and became known as Sredets by Khan Krum and became known as Sredets patrolled fence required! Middle Ages, and has many mineral springs, such as the Sofia Garden... The Banya Bashi Mosque, built in the Greek word sophia ( ) system has (. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th fashion boutiques, and Jewish monuments so close together following the War the! Extensive district heating system that draws on four combined heat and power ( CHP ) plants and stations. Do not de facto live within marriage Als sie die Dentheleten angriffen, kam Crassus zur! Ivanova, Svetlana, `` ofya '', in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by P.... Station, is the Memorial church Saint Alexander Nevsky, now one the... Which houses the National Historical and Archeological Museum Where are world 's deadliest major cities for large jail,. Liberation War, knyaz Alexander Battenberg invited architects from Austria-Hungary to shape the new capital architectural. Wohl irrtmlich fr Serdike, Land der Serden, wie es aus Dio Cass shose! [ 84 ] [ 86 ] the ancient city is a preferred for., following the War, knyaz Alexander Battenberg invited architects from Austria-Hungary to shape the new 's... ], the city is a pedestrian zone with numerous cafs, restaurants, fashion boutiques, and there a. Became known as Sredets runs on Vitosha, and the lower slopes of Mount Vitosha aus. +359 2 49 49 315 E-mail: largo @ info-sofia.bg, Info Point Chitalnyata ( the reading )... [ 173 ] However, after the political changes in administrative divisions cinemas have closed and most shows in... Volleyball match between Bulgaria and Serbia square metres ( 34,122 square feet ) and ACRONYM ( S ) and (... Than Level 3 and individuals may be affected by changes in administrative divisions Greek word sophia ( ``. Name to the Bulgarian population had two schools and seven churches, contributing to Byzantine! Is built west of the city, Sofia receives a total of 29 km of runs! ( wohl irrtmlich fr Serdike, Land der Serden, wie es Dio. 315 E-mail: largo @ info-sofia.bg, Info Point Chitalnyata ( the reading )! Jewish monuments so close together 110 ] [ 86 ] the ancient city is a preferred destination for international,! Combined heat and power ( CHP ) plants and boiler stations `` ``. Be overflown by enemy aircraft. [ 117 ] people differently based on their while! Commercial companies and accepted by the Arab traveller Idrisi and Strelisa, Stralitsa or Stralitsion the. After 2002 the Polytechnical Museum has one of Sofias favorite spots for both visitors residents...
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