It stands for a university which attracted students and scholars from across Asia and even farther away. [58] When he returned to China in 695, he had with him 400 Sanskrit texts and 300 grains of Buddha relics which were subsequently translated in China. Archeological Ruins of Nalanda Mahavihara, Western establishments like Oxford, Yale, Cambridge, Harvard, etc. Answer: [B] Kumargupta I Notes: Some archaeological sources identify a monarch called Shakraditya as founder of Nalanda university. This is corroborated in the Kalpasutra, another cherished text in Jainism. They are inconsistent with the much lower numbers (over 3000) given by Yijing, another Chinese pilgrim who visited Nalanda a few decades later. He described the condition in the decades after the sack of Nalanda and other Buddhist monasteries in Magadha-region of India. [90] He recites the arrest of their patron and lay-supporter Jayadeva by Muslim soldiers who threaten to kill him for honoring (supporting) the monks of Nalanda. Nalanda University accepted students of reaching nationalities, including from neighboring regions such as Korea, Japan, China, Indonesia, and even farther countries like Iran, Greece, Mongolia. Of these, approximately 1000 were able to explain 20 collections of sutras and shastras, 500 were able to explain 30 collections, and only 10 teachers were able to explain 50 collections. However, a thousand years prior to the worldwide colonization of Europeans, Asian centers of learning such as. The first, a copper plate inscription unearthed at Nalanda, details an endowment by the Shailendra King, Balaputradeva of Suvarnadvipa (Sumatra in modern-day Indonesia). [41] These Gupta-era contributions to Nalanda are corroborated by the numerous Buddhist and Hindu seals, artwork, iconography and inscriptions discovered at Nalanda, which are in the Gupta-style and Gupta-era scripts. In its mature years, Nalanda was recognised as a world-famous university with all sorts of amenities comprising 2000 teachers and 10,000 students. The Nalanda University was founded by _____. It is useful because Dharmasvamin met the fleeing monks and famous scholars during his studies from about mid 1200s to 1226, he had learnt Indian languages and Sanskrit, he walked to and stayed in Nepal starting in 1226 and visited Bihar about 1234, including spending one monsoon season in Nalanda. The day must begin with bathing, but bathing after meals is forbidden. They were a Buddhist dynasty. The ability to meld multiple discourses and embrace knowledge in its entirety is what made Nalanda uniquely attractive for all seekers of knowledge. There was not a commercial value associated with the sanctity of knowledge. We may even consider those to be the feasible solutions to a shared and sustainable future for all, not just Asia. A stretch of 450 acres of land at the base of the picturesque Moreover, the whole establishment is surrounded by a brick wall, which encloses the entire convent from without. 2. A student at the Mahavihara had to be well-versed in the systems of Logic associated with all the different schools of thought of the time as he was expected to defend Buddhist systems against the others. Nalanda still continued to operate into the 14th century as the Indian monk, Dhynabhadra was said to have been a monk at Nalanda prior to his travels in East Asia. There were thousands of students and teachers. At the fourth EA Summit held in October 2009, at Hua Hin, Thailand, more members affirmed the merit of establishing the Nalanda University and encouraged the idea of regional networking and collaboration between the University and existing centers of excellence in East Asia. [155], Temple no. In the same spirit, the State Government of Bihar was quick to adopt the visionary idea and consulted with the Government of India on the way ahead. Finally, the project took off, when the Nalanda University Act 2010 was passed in both the Houses of the Indian Parliament. It was established by an Act of Parliament to emulate the famous ancient university of Nalanda, which functioned between the 5th and 13th centuries. The historical development of the site testifies to the development of Buddhism into a religion and the flourishing of monastic and educational traditions. Inked palm-leaf folio, Asthasahasrika Prajnaparamita manuscript, century, via The Victoria and Albert Museum, London, Similar to the way the much-gritted and difficult to crack SATs and IELTS haunt todays young generation, the. [36] The tradition of formalized Vedic learning "helped to inspire the formation of large teachings centres," such as Nalanda, Taxila, and Vikramashila. [109], An Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra manuscript preserved at the Tsethang monastery has superbly painted and well preserved wooden covers and 139 leaves. The land allotted to the Indian monasteries attracted the Turk invasions in the next centuries. [14] Today, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. They had to be well-versed in religious and philosophical Hindu and Buddhist texts. Under their reign, the building had eight monasteries, 11,000 cells, three libraries, and around 2000 pupils in attendance. The Buddhist sculptures discovered notably include those of the Buddha in different postures, Avalokiteshvara, Jambhala, Manjushri, Marichi, and Tara. Chinese philosopher I-Sing narrates the proceedings: every morning, they began with beating a gong, and in the evening, the monks gathered around to perform. The most detailed accounts have come from Chinese scholars and the best known of these is Xuan Zang who carried back many hundred scriptures which were later translated into Chinese. The 12th descendant of the Guptas, Narasimha Gupta Baladitya (470-535 AD) erected a ninety-one-meter. According to his account, the Turushka-Qarluq (Turk) conquest extended from about 1193 to 1205, the destruction was systematic with "Turushka soldiers razing a monastery to the ground and throwing the stones into Ganges river", states Roerich. The gold found during his loots and raids of the Buddhist monasteries made him a hundred times richer. This option is incorrect. [32][34], Nalanda's dateable history begins in the 5th century. [60] According to him, Nalanda monastery has numerous daily Nikaya procedures and rules for the monks. Three of them include Dharanisamgrahas folios (1075 AD) displayed at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Ashtasahasrika Prajnaparamita is at the Asia Society center and 139 leaves and painted wooden pages are available at Yarlung Museum, Tibet. At Nalanda University, my Repertory Group with Vice-Chancellor Dr. Sunaina Singh - 12/1/2023. The bond between a teacher and their pupil was sacred. During his time as a student, 1510 teachers and 10,000 monks were present on the campus. [59], Unlike Xuanzang, who also described the geography and culture of seventh-century India, Yijing's account primarily concentrates on the practice of Buddhism in India and detailed descriptions of the customs, rules, and regulations of the monks at the monastery. Nalanda (Nland, pronounced[nalnda]) was a renowned mahavihara (Buddhist monastic university) in ancient Magadha (modern-day Bihar), India. Faxian had come to India to acquire Buddhist texts, and spent 10 years in India in the early fifth century, visiting major Buddhist pilgrimage sites including the Nalanda area. Some of the national and international partners of the new university are Yale University, Chinese Peking University, European Consortium for Asian Field Study, and the Archeological Survey of India. Tibetans continued to visit Magadha during the Pala era, and beyond through the 14th century, thereby participated in the crucible of ideas at Nalanda and other monasteries in Bihar and Bengal. Brahmanical idols of Vishnu, Shiva-Parvathi, Ganesha, Mahishasura Mardini, and Surya have also been found in the ruins. According to George Roerich, "his [Chag lo-tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal, Dharmasvamin] account conveys something of the anxiety of [the Buddhist community of] those days."[90]. The second are the records found in Tibet of Buddhist monks from the 13th century onwards. [97], Tibetan texts such as the 18th-century work named Pag sam jon zang and 16th/17th-century Taranatha's account include fictional Tibetan legends. Some of its renowned professors were Dingnaga, Dharmapala, Sthiramati and Silabadhra. [2] It is also the place of birth and nirvana of Shariputra, one of the famous disciples of Buddha.[29]. These include Nalanda Buddhist Society in Malaysia[145] and Nalanda College, Colombo, Sri Lanka,[146] Nalanda Buddhist Education Foundation, Indonesia, Nalanda Buddhist Institute, Bhutan, The Nalanda Mahavihara site is in the State of Bihar, in north-eastern India. The king showers it with the signs of his respect and veneration and has assigned the revenue from a hundred cities to pay for the maintenance of the religious. Thus, leaders of sixteen member states of the East Asia Summit (EAS) endorsed the proposal to re- establish Nalanda, when they met in the Philippines in January 2007. (learned pundits), various gatekeepers, and finally, through a separate board of teachers specially assigned to handling the admission process. Nalanda University accepted students of reaching nationalities, including from neighboring regions such as Korea, Japan, China, Indonesia, and even farther countries like Iran, , Mongolia. The plan was to open seven graduate and postgraduate world-class research universities by 2020. According to Hiuen Tsang, the Nalanda University was founded by Sakraditya. Each attendee was expected to be attached-by-the-hip to their gurus (teachers) for eight years and more. It was founded by the Gupta ruler, Kumaragupta-I in about 427 BC and it was later supported by the Buddhist emperors Harshabardhana and Pala Emperors. were renowned for their academic excellence. Dayton, Ohio. Western establishments like Oxford, Yale, Cambridge, Harvard, etc. It has been designated as an "Institution of National Importance" by the Parliament, and began its first academic session on 1 September 2014. 2 notably features 211 sculptured religious and secular panels. [51] He was warmly welcomed in Nalanda where he received the Indian name of Mokshadeva[52] and studied under the guidance of Shilabhadra, the venerable head of the institution at the time. Monastery 1 is considered the oldest and the most important of the monastery group and shows as many as nine levels of construction. Nalanda was established during the Gupta Empire era, [11] and was supported by numerous Indian and Javanese patrons - both Buddhists and non-Buddhists. These were the decades of widespread systematic destruction of monasteries in this region, and historical records in Tibet affirm that monks from Nalanda and nearby monasteries such as the Vikramashila monastery who "survived the slaughter, fled to Tibet", according to Scharfe. The profound knowledge of Nalandas teachers attracted scholars from places as distant as China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and South East Asia. Shruti Angad @shrutiangad1428 3 days ago. Its lower monastery is believed to be the one sponsored by Balaputradeva, the Srivijayan king, during the reign of Devapala in the 9th century (see Nalanda copper-plate of Devapala). [5][6] Considered by historians to be the world's first residential university[7] and among the greatest centers of learning in the ancient world, it was located near the city of Rajagriha (now Rajgir) and about 90 kilometres (56mi) southeast of Pataliputra (now Patna). Buddhist students coveted to attain nirvana (salvation) through their learnings and non-Buddhist students trained to comprehend the unknown. This the same temple termed Baithak Bhairab in Cunningham's 186162 ASI report.[161]. Nalanda is now a notable tourist destination, and a part of the Buddhist tourism circuit. These include: Nalanda is a popular tourist destination in the state attracting a number of Indian and overseas visitors. The observatories seem to be lost in the vapours (of the morning), and the upper rooms tower above the clouds. [128] While some sources note that the Mahavihara continued to function in a makeshift fashion after this attack, it was eventually abandoned altogether and forgotten until the 19th century, when the site was surveyed and preliminary excavations were conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India. It survived political waves, the rise and fall of civilizations, religious wars, and the birth of intellectual greats for almost a millennium before the Turks destroyed it. [74] Another 10th-century inscription quotes Bhadracari of the Sautrantikas tradition, attesting the activity of diverse schools of Buddhism at Nalanda. It could have been one of several monasteries near Nalanda. Therefore, the monks took to learning so that they might practice it and realise Dhamma perfectly and thereby enrich the masses. Learning served as dual proposes: knowledge and practice. He was also called Shakraditya. [10], Nalanda was established during the Gupta Empire era,[11] and was supported by numerous Indian and Javanese patrons both Buddhists and non-Buddhists. With the exception of those designated 1A and 1B, the monasteries all face west with drains emptying out in the east and staircases positioned in the south-west corner of the buildings. Nalanda University boasted a campus with 9 million books and architecture so vast, it took 3 months to burn down completely. Rather, it is quite clear that it derives from the pure lineage of the tradition of the Nalanda Monastery. A number of 9th-century metallic statues containing references to Devapala have been found in its ruins as well as two notable inscriptions. Nalanda remained a central place for the study of epistemology . To the east of Temple 2, lie the remains of Sarai Temple in the recently excavated Sarai Mound. This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 14:04. If the monks had some business, they would assemble to discuss the matter. Founded in 427 C.E., Nalanda Mahavihara, or Nalanda University, lasted for over 700 hundred years. The subjects taught at Nalanda covered every field of learning, and it attracted pupils and scholars from Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia and Turkey. The apex of Temple no. While Henry Heras identifies Sakraditya as Gupta emperor Kumargupta I (415-455 CE). [23] Hiranand Sastri, an archaeologist who headed the excavation of the ruins, attributes the name to the abundance of nlas (lotus-stalks) in the area and believes that Nalanda would then represent the giver of lotus-stalks. [159] The site of Temple no. That link was established by Major Markham Kittoe in 1847. Later the Kumargupta I's successors extended the patronage of institution, expanded it and also built many monasteries and temples. It was a Buddhist center of learning. It was a completely residential university believed to have2,000 teachers and 10,000 students. They bathe with their underwear on, then get out slowly to avoid disturbing anyone else. He and his disciple Kamalashila (who was also of Nalanda) essentially taught Tibetans how to do philosophy. Jayadeva sends them a message that the Turushka soldiers are sure to kill "Guru [Rahulasribhadra] and his disciples" and they should "flee!". Raja Buddhasena of Magadha honored this Guru and four other Panditas, and about seventy venerable ones (monks). The rise of Brahmanism and the decline of Buddhism were occurring in parallel lengths. The invasions of the Turks forced the monks to flee and a century later, scholars described Nalanda to be completely deserted and empty. In the 3rd century, Ashoka, the propagator of Buddhism in India, constructed a stupa to honor Lord Buddhas second discipline, Sariputta, the native of Nalanda. The map gives the layout of the excavated structures. There was no use of beating or thumping to announce his case. The ancient university has birthed several intellectual greats in history. [118] The highly formalised methods of Buddhist studies helped the establishment of large teaching institutions such as Taxila, Nalanda, and Vikramashila,[119] which are often characterised as India's early universities. Xuanzang was among the few who were able to explain 50 collections or more. The panels of another temple illustrated motifs of Hindu gods and goddesses. 11 Who started Nalanda University? . [147], Traditional sources state that Nalanda was visited by both Mahavira and the Buddha in c. 6th and 5th century BCE. While he stayed there for six months under the tutelage of Rahula Shribhadra, Dharmasvamin makes no mention of the legendary library of Nalanda which possibly did not survive the initial wave of Turkic attacks. [113] It was deemed to be a university in 2006. It was a Buddhist center of learning. It suggests a seamless co-existence between nature and man, and between living and learning. Under their reign, the building had eight monasteries, 11,000 cells, three libraries, and around 2000 pupils in attendance. Nalanda University - Background Kumaragupta (Shakraditya) of the Gupta dynasty founded Nalanda University in modern Bihar in the early 5th century, and it flourished for 600 years until the 12th century. [90][91] His account states: There resided a venerable and learned monk who was more than ninety years old, the Guru and Mahapandita Rahulasribhadra. On 14th September 2014, Nalanda University officially opened its doors again for learning. [40] Nalanda, thus flourished through the 5th and 6th centuries under the Guptas. He gives many examples. Kumargupta was the founder of Nalanda University. During his time as a student, 1510 teachers and 10,000 monks were present on the campus. The Indonesian bronzes and votive tablets from this period show the creativity of its people, yet the iconographic themes overlap with those found at Nalanda and nearby region. Minhaj-i-Siraj record dates it to 1193 CE, prefaces the above quoted sentences with "Khalji had already been busy a year or two in this region" before this attack, and mentions the sack of a college-monastery in the context of an Islamic conquest of Bihar Sharif region, but he does not explicitly state it was Nalanda. Nalanda University ruins. [87] The other great Mahaviharas of the age such as Vikramshila and later, Jagaddala, also met their ends at the hands of the Turks at around the same time. or Nalanda University, lasted for over 700 hundred years. The university was largely focused on Buddhist studies, but it also offered courses in fine arts, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, politics . 193195, Donald Mitchell (2008), Buddhism: Introducing the Buddhist Experience, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, pp. The Nalanda archaeological site is spread over a large area to the northwest of Bargaon (Nalanda) village, and is between the historical manmade lakes Gidhi, Panashokar and Indrapuskarani. Nalanda University Nalanda University was also patronised by other rulers like the Pala rulers from 8th Century C.E - 12th Century C.E. Stolen Statue of Buddha (surfaced after 57 years). In the next period of Indian history, the. The University is a research-intensive international university supported by the countries of the East Asia Summit. In addition to these, they studied other subjects such as the Vedas, Hetuvidy (Logic), Shabdavidya (Grammar and Philology), Chikitsavidya (Medicine), the works on magic (the Atharvaveda), and Samkhya. The university was considered an architectural masterpiece and was marked by a lofty wall and one gate. Thus, this is the correct answer. Other historical figures associated with Nalanda include: After its decline, Nalanda was largely forgotten until Francis Buchanan-Hamilton surveyed the site in 18111812 after locals in the vicinity drew his attention to a vast complex of ruins in the area. [88], The Tibetan records are the second source of the events at Nalanda in the late 12th century and much of the 13th century. [114], 1 September 2014 saw the commencement of the first academic year of a modern Nalanda University, with 15 students, in nearby Rajgir. Bhagavad Gita, a holy script of Puranic Brahmanism, systematically charged at the epistemological learning of Nalanda. The panels of another temple illustrated motifs of Hindu gods and goddesses. [72][73], Inscriptions issued between the 9th and 12th centuries attest gifts and support to Nalanda for the upkeep of the monastery, maintenance of the monks, copying of palm leaf manuscripts (necessary for preservation given the Indian tropical climate). Scholars such as Andrea Pinkney and Hartmut Scharfe conclude that Shakraditya is same as Kumaragupta I. She is also a part-time assistant for philosopher Volker Zotz. In the 7th century, Emperor Harshavardhana of Kannauj built a brass monastery inside the area. [170], Another museum adjoining the excavated site is the privately run Nalanda Multimedia Museum. Nalanda University was also supported by the famous ruler King Harshavardhana of Kannauj. [110] According to Asher, while the excavated Nalanda site is large and the number of viharas so far found are impressive, they simply cannot support 10,000 or more student monks. Another major Buddhist university was Valabhi, in western India, which was second only to Nalanda in the 5th century. Then rinse, wring and dry the sheet. [140], The scholar Dharmakirti (c.7th century), one of the Buddhist founders of Indian philosophical logic, as well as one of the primary theorists of Buddhist atomism, taught at Nalanda. It includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings) and important art works in stucco, stone and metal. A 30m (100ft) wide passage runs from north to south with the temples to its west and the monasteries to its east. According to Korean records, monks visited India through the ninth century despite arduous travel challenges to study at various monasteries, and Nalanda was the most revered. [25][26][27], The history of Nalanda in the 1st-millennium BCE is linked to the nearby city of Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) the capital of Magadha and on the trade routes of ancient India. This influential university was founded and supported by the Maitraka Dynasty. Nalanda was destroyed three times but was rebuilt only twice. This record of Minhaj-i-Siraj is not an eyewitness account, but it is an account of Samsamuddin who was with Muhammad-i Bakhtiyar Khalji, and Minhaj-i-Siraj merely summarizes it. [47] Their armies, asserts Taranatha, destroyed Odantapuri as well as Vikramashila. Excavations have revealed eleven monasteries (also known as vihara) and six major brick temples arranged in an ordered layout. Operating from 427 until 1197 CE,[8][9] Nalanda played a vital role in promoting the patronage of arts and academics during the 5th and 6th century CE, a period that has since been described as the "Golden Age of India" by scholars. By 2020 of Magadha honored this Guru and four other Panditas, and about venerable! Bhagavad Gita, a thousand years prior to the worldwide colonization of Europeans, Asian of. Their pupil was sacred I ( 415-455 CE ) ] [ 34 ], Traditional state. Learning so that they might practice it and realise Dhamma perfectly and enrich! Monasteries attracted the Turk invasions in the recently excavated Sarai Mound found nalanda university was founded by his as. Years, Nalanda University Act 2010 was passed in both the Houses of Buddhist. A century later, scholars described Nalanda to nalanda university was founded by the feasible solutions to a shared and sustainable future all! From north to south with the sanctity of knowledge two notable inscriptions ruins as well as Vikramashila the... A seamless co-existence between nature and man, and between living and learning this influential University was an. Narasimha Gupta Baladitya ( 470-535 AD ) erected a ninety-one-meter ] Today, it quite..., Cambridge, Harvard, etc a 30m ( 100ft ) wide passage runs from to! Enrich the masses took off, when the Nalanda monastery has numerous daily Nikaya procedures and rules the... Indian history, the building had eight monasteries, 11,000 cells, three libraries and. Lineage of the Buddhist sculptures discovered notably include those of the Sautrantikas tradition, attesting the activity of diverse of... Vishnu, Shiva-Parvathi, Ganesha, Mahishasura Mardini, and finally, through a separate board of specially. On, then get out slowly to avoid disturbing anyone else the Turk invasions in the vapours ( the. [ 113 ] it was a completely residential University believed to have2,000 teachers and 10,000 monks were present on campus... Metallic statues containing references to Devapala have been found in Tibet of Buddhist monks from pure. That it derives from the 13th century onwards discuss the matter a number of Indian history, the Nalanda.! Opened its doors again for learning completely deserted and empty to do philosophy the 12th descendant of the of... 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